Regulation E could apply.
Let's paint a scenario in which a single employee with access to both a card and its PIN gets his hands on a card-cloning device. He makes up one or more card copies, and depends on a customer's failure to change a bank-assigned PIN.
As soon as one of the cards that he copies is issued, he uses the clone (assuming the PIN hasn't changed) to steal from the customer (of course the bank eats this under Regulation E). And if the card happens to be a signature-debit card too, it could work even without the PIN.
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John S. Burnett
BankersOnline.com
Fighting for Compliance since 1976
Bankers' Threads User #8